Behavioural archetypes instead of personas

As a strategic design studio CG takes on diverse design briefs ranging from UX & service design to helping businesses become more customer-centric. From our experience we found that different type of projects require different kind of “personas” depending on how and who is going to use them.

In our previous blog post on personas we shared more about the role of behavioural personas for new service design. This follow-up post will focus on designing behavioural archetypes for customer-centricity strategy.

Why use behavioural archetypes?

In a customer-centricity project the output is a strategy to show the way forward and the customer experience design is informing how to get there. This kind of project requires a different type of persona - we call them behavioural archetypes. The purpose is to educate the stakeholders and staff (external to the design team) about their existing customer so they can tailor their business goals towards serving them better. This is needed because traditionally businesses focus primarily on their own product and what’s important for the business but tend to forget (or not know at all) what’s important for their customers.

What are behavioural archetypes?

Behavioural archetypes are structured models of customer responses to a brand. As the name suggests they tap into the behavioural level of cognitive processing. In a nutshell, the focus is on who does what, how they do it, and why.

According to Don Norman’s book Emotional Design, behavioural processing is influenced directly by both of the other two levels of processing - visceral and reflective. This means that a behavioural archetype should encompass how a type of customer perceives the brand, what motivates them to engage with it, what they expect, and how they reflect on their experience. As behavioural archetypes look particularly at motivations they are useful for determining what drives or harms loyalty in the long run.

“Designing for the behavioural level means designing product behaviours that complement a user’s own behaviours, implicit assumptions, and mental models.” -  Robert Reimann

The behavioural archetypes represent typical motivations, goals and general attitudes of the customers and also how these can change based on the quality of their experience with the brand over time.

To support the story of the customer journey, the archetypes fall into two categories:

• Mindsets that exist prior to their experience with a brand. These are linked to typical interests that drive their decision to buy from the brand
• States that develop throughout the experience with a brand. These can change according to the quality of interaction they have which in time will determine whether they return to the brand

Let’s take a fictional coffee brand as an example. People visit a coffee shop for different reasons. Here’s a simple breakdown of a few:

• “I am a fan of the brand, I find it cool and love everything they do. I wouldn’t get my coffee anywhere else” - Passionate mindset

• “I like getting a cup of coffee on my way to work but it costs me a lot over time. This coffee shop is the cheapest around. I’d get it somewhere else if it was cheaper. I just want an affordable coffee-to-go.” - Price-sensitive mindset

• “All I care about is exceptionally good coffee. I follow famous baristas and only want to get the best coffee taste there is, regardless of the brand.” - Quality-driven mindset

• “I like to work at coffee shops - I like the atmosphere. I don’t really care about the coffee drink that much but I get it so I can hang out at the place” - Ambience-seeking mindset

These three cases are examples of the different mindset archetypes. However, if the barista accidentally spills a drink on a customer of any of the mindset types, they might move from neutral to angry state. Contrary, if they have a really nice chat and get their name signed on the cup - they might leave in a delighted state and return again.

The mindsets are defined by people’s existing personality traits, the states are directly influenced by the customer experience - and therefore the brand should take ownership of it by empathising with their customers’ mindsets and states.

How we designed behavioural archetypes.

Creating behavioural archetypes requires deep qualitative understanding about the customer’s pre- , during- and post- journey with a brand from a representative sample of existing customers. It’s quite a research endeavour.

To obtain this data we first designed a general customer satisfaction survey that we positioned on the checkout page of our client’s website and generated over 2000 responses. We used this opportunity not only to understand the customers better but also to create a pool of participants for further research activities.

It’s important to identify patterns of customer behaviours but also to see how they evolve throughout each individual journey. For this purpose we designed a diary study to track the customer experiences over time and after the purchasing. This was helpful to determine customer’s’ actions at each steps of the journey, however the deeper motivations driving their decision making are best identified with a follow-up interview. After we had the knowledge from the diary-study about what happened, we could build on it with a phone interview clarifying why and how they acted the way they did as well as learn more about their personality.

What is great about this gradual approach is that we are able to develop rapport and more relationship with the participants, and as they go through the research activities over time they are able to reflect and give us more in-depth responses about their motivations and personal life story.

To wrap up, the behavioural archetypes are a useful tool in helping to foster a customer-centric strategy within a product-focused organisation as they remind everyone inside the business who their customers are serving as a decision guide about what the customers are likely to do, feel, expect and how are they likely to respond.

So how do we make sure that we have the right ‘persona’ approach for a project?

Starting with asking these questions:

• What is the type of project? Are the personas going to be used internally by the design team or externally by the client stakeholders?
• Are we creating personas to represent a target audience for a new service? Or are we modelling the behaviours of existing customers within a current service?
• What do we specifically need to know about the customers to inform the design outputs? Who do we need to speak to to obtain the information we need?
• Which methods are best suited to obtain this information - interviews vs surveys, diary studies vs guerrilla research?

These are guides that we’re continuously updating with our learnings from each project. The main thing to keep in mind is that personas or behavioural archetypes are a decision-guiding tool and as such they need to be tailored to each project at hand. We’ll continuing updating on new approaches and sharing how we put the real customer in the room with the decision makers.